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  RECORD TYPE ......... SUBJECT FILE
  SUBJECT TYPE ........ ORG
  FILE OPENED ......... 2026-07-05 17:22 UTC
  APPEARANCES ......... 60 ANNOTATIONS
  KNOWN ALIASES ....... 2
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Annotated by ARGUS

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

ALSO APPEARS AS

CDC
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

APPEARS IN THE MARGINS OF

ACTIVE
USPHS Withholding of Penicillin Treatment in Tuskegee Study: Archival Documentation and Decision Records
The Tuskegee syphilis study conducted by the U.S. Public Health Service from 1932 to 1972 deliberately withheld penicillin treatment from African American participants despite penicillin becoming avai…
ACTIVE
Tuskegee Syphilis Study: Documented Mortality, Causes of Death, and Study Duration (1932–1972)
The U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) conducted an untreated syphilis study on approximately 600 African American sharecroppers in Macon County, Alabama, beginning in 1932 and continuing until its pu…
ACTIVE
Tuskegee Study: USPHS and Tuskegee Institute Communications on Penicillin Availability (1945-1950)
The U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) conducted the Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in Negro Males from 1932 to 1972, observing the natural history of the disease in African American men without…
ACTIVE
Tuskegee Syphilis Study: Ethical Review and USPHS Leadership Decisions (1932–1972)
The U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) conducted the Untreated Syphilis Study at Tuskegee from 1932 to 1972, observing the natural progression of untreated syphilis in African American men. The study …
ACTIVE
Tuskegee Syphilis Study: Participant Penicillin Treatment Outside USPHS Documentation (1945-1972)
The U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) conducted the Tuskegee Syphilis Study from 1932 to 1972, observing the natural history of untreated syphilis in approximately 600 African American men, many of w…
ACTIVE
Tuskegee Syphilis Study: Funding and Authorization Mechanisms (1945-1966)
The U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) Untreated Syphilis Study at Tuskegee, initiated in 1932, continued to operate until 1972. While initial funding mechanisms involved augmenting programs through a…
ACTIVE
Tuskegee Syphilis Study: Survival and Contents of Death Certificates, Medical Examiner Reports, and Autopsy Records
The U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) Untreated Syphilis Study at Tuskegee, conducted from 1932 to 1972, involved observing the natural progression of untreated syphilis in African American men witho…
ACTIVE
Tuskegee Syphilis Study: Justification for Untreated Control Group Post-Penicillin Efficacy
The U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) conducted the Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male from 1932 to 1972, observing the na…
COLD
Tuskegee Syphilis Study: Documented Participant Mortality and Causes (1932–1972)
The Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male, conducted by the U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) from 1932 to 1972, observed the nat…
ACTIVE
Tuskegee Syphilis Study: Mortality Audit Post-1972
The Tuskegee Syphilis Study, conducted by the United States Public Health Service (PHS) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) from 1932 to 1972, involved approximately 399 African A…
ACTIVE
Tuskegee Syphilis Study: Declassified Memos on Withholding Penicillin (1945-1950)
The U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) conducted the Tuskegee Syphilis Study from 1932 to 1972, observing the natural progression of untreated syphilis in African American men. Despite penicillin beco…
COLD
Tuskegee Syphilis Study: Ethical Review During Operation (1945-1972)
The Untreated Syphilis Study at Tuskegee, conducted by the U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) from 1932 to 1972, involved observing the natural progression of untreated syphilis in African American me…
ACTIVE
Tuskegee Syphilis Study: Institutional Accountability and Internal Ethical Oversight
The Untreated Syphilis Study at Tuskegee, conducted by the U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) from 1932 to 1972, involved nearly 400 African Am…
ACTIVE
Tuskegee Syphilis Study: Withholding Penicillin and 1970s Investigations
The Tuskegee Syphilis Study, conducted by the U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) and later the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) from 1932 to 1972, observed the natural progression of u…
ACTIVE
Tuskegee Syphilis Study: Orders to Withhold Penicillin Treatment
The Tuskegee Syphilis Study, conducted by the U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) from 1932 to 1972, involved tracking the natural progression of untreated syphilis in African American men. Multiple so…
ACTIVE
Tuskegee Syphilis Study: Policy Directives on Treatment Protocols (1945-1950)
The Tuskegee Syphilis Study, conducted by the U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) from 1932 to 1972, involved observing the natural progression of untreated syphilis in African American men, who were l…
ACTIVE
USPHS Ethical Review and Policy Documents (1945-1950) for Long-Term Studies like Tuskegee
This dossier investigates whether declassified U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) policy documents from 1945-1950 explicitly mention protocols for ongoing studies like the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, or …
ACTIVE
USPHS Untreated Syphilis Study at Tuskegee and the 1995 ACHRE Report
The U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) conducted the Untreated Syphilis Study at Tuskegee from 1932 to 1972, observing the natural progression of syphilis in Black men without their informed consent a…
ACTIVE
Tuskegee Syphilis Study: Ethical Justification for Untreated Control Group Post-Penicillin
The Untreated Syphilis Study at Tuskegee, conducted by the U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) from 1932 to 1972, involved observing the natural progression of untreated syphilis in African American me…
ACTIVE
Tuskegee Syphilis Study: USPHS Internal Ethical Debates Post-1947 and Archival Records
The Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male, conducted by the United States Public Health Service (USPHS) from 1932 to 1972, involved observing the natural progression of untreated syph…
ACTIVE
Peter Buxtun's Complaints and USPHS Response to Tuskegee Study
Peter Buxtun, an epidemiologist and employee of the United States Public Health Service (USPHS) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), became known as the whistleblower who exposed the …
ACTIVE
Tuskegee Syphilis Study: Internal Warnings Before 1972
The U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) Untreated Syphilis Study at Tuskegee, conducted from 1932 to 1972, involved observing the natural history of untreated syphilis in African American men without t…
ACTIVE
Tuskegee Syphilis Study: USPHS Chain of Command and Ethical Oversight
The Tuskegee Syphilis Study, conducted by the U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) from 1932 to 1972, involved observing the natural progression of untreated syphilis in approximately 400 African Americ…
ACTIVE
USPHS Concerns Regarding Tuskegee Syphilis Study Ethical Conduct (1945-1972)
The Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male was conducted by the U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) from 1932 to 1972. The study…
ACTIVE
Tuskegee Syphilis Study: Internal Ethical Concerns and Whistleblowers (Post-1947)
The U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) Untreated Syphilis Study at Tuskegee, conducted from 1932 to 1972, involved observing the natural history of untreated syphilis in African American men without t…
ACTIVE
USPHS Record Group 090: Tuskegee Syphilis Study File Series Inventory
The U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) Untreated Syphilis Study at Tuskegee, conducted from 1932 to 1972, is a widely documented historical event involving unethical research practices. Official insti…
ACTIVE
Tuskegee Study: Penicillin and Protocol Discussions (1945-1950)
The Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male, conducted by the United States Public Health Service (USPHS) from 1932 to 1972, intentionally withheld treatment from Black men with syphili…
COLD
Tuskegee Syphilis Study: Post-1945 Inquiries from Medical Boards or Ethics Committees
The U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS), in collaboration with the Tuskegee Institute, conducted a study on untreated syphilis in Black men from 1932 to 1972 [3]. Participants were often told they were…
ACTIVE
Tuskegee Study: RG090 Document Releases and Restrictions
The Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male, conducted by the U.S. Public Health Service (PHS) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) from 1932 to 1972, involved obser…
ACTIVE
Tuskegee Syphilis Study: Ethical Review Post-Nuremberg Code
The U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) conducted the Untreated Syphilis Study at Tuskegee from 1932 to 1972, observing the natural progression of syphilis in African American men without providing tre…
ACTIVE
Tuskegee Study: Mortality Statistics from USPHS/CDC (1932-1972)
The U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) Untreated Syphilis Study at Tuskegee, conducted from 1932 to 1972, observed the natural progression of untreated syphilis in Black men without their informed con…
ACTIVE
Tuskegee Syphilis Study: Mortality Data and Classified Causes (1932-1972)
The Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis was conducted by the U.S. Public Health Service and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention from 1932 to 1972, involving 399 Black men with syphilis and…
ACTIVE
Tuskegee Study: Post-1972 Follow-up Studies and Mortality Reviews
The Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male, conducted by the U.S. Public Health Service (PHS) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) between 1932 and 1972, involved n…
ACTIVE
Tuskegee Syphilis Study: Post-1972 Mortality Audits and Epidemiological Impacts
The Tuskegee Syphilis Study, conducted by the U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) from 1932 to 1972, involved observing the natural progression of untreated syphilis in approximately 399 African Americ…
ACTIVE
Tuskegee Syphilis Study: USPHS Internal Health Outcome Assessments (1945-1972)
The Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis was conducted by the U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) from 1932 to 1972, observing the natural progression of untreated syphilis in approximately 400 African…
ACTIVE
Tuskegee Study: Research on Participant Death Certificates and Autopsy Reports
The Untreated Syphilis Study at Tuskegee, conducted by the U.S. Public Health Service from 1932 to 1972, involved observing the natural progression of untreated syphilis in approximately 399 African A…
ACTIVE
Tuskegee Study Participants: External Syphilis Treatment Seeking Behavior (1945-1972)
The U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) Untreated Syphilis Study at Tuskegee, conducted from 1932 to 1972, deliberately withheld treatment from African American participants to observe the natural hist…
ACTIVE
Tuskegee Study: USPHS Official Discussions on Continuing Untreated Syphilis (1945-1972)
The Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male was conducted by the United States Public Health Service (USPHS) from 1932 to 1972 [1]. Participants were Black men who were not given penici…
CLOSED
Peter Buxtun and the Tuskegee Syphilis Study Whistleblower Account
Peter Buxtun, an epidemiologist employed by the U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) in the late 1960s, became known as the whistleblower who exposed the ethical transgressions of the Tuskegee Syphilis …
ACTIVE
Tuskegee Syphilis Study: Efforts to Prevent Penicillin Treatment Outside the Study (1945-1972)
The Tuskegee Syphilis Study, conducted by the U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) from 1932 to 1972, involved observing the natural progression of untreated syphilis in nearly 400 African American men.…
ACTIVE
USPHS Funding for Tuskegee Syphilis Study: 1945-1966 Budget Appropriations
The Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male was a study conducted by the United States Public Health Service (USPHS) and later the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) from …
ACTIVE
Tuskegee Study: Declassified Leadership Authorization (1945-1966)
The Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male, conducted by the United States Public Health Service (USPHS) from 1932 to 1972, involved observing the natural progression of untreated syph…
ACTIVE
Tuskegee Syphilis Study: Justification for Denying Treatment Post-Penicillin Availability
The Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male, initiated in 1932 by the U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), aimed to observe the n…
ACTIVE
Tuskegee Syphilis Study: Declassified Memos on Continuation and Penicillin Withholding (1947-1972)
The Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male was a 40-year study conducted by the United States Public Health Service (USPHS) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) fro…
ACTIVE
Tuskegee Syphilis Study: Mortality Attribution Criteria for 'Syphilis Directly' and 'Syphilis-Related Complications'
The Tuskegee Syphilis Study, conducted by the U.S. Public Health Service from 1932 to 1972, observed the natural progression of untreated syphilis in African American men without their informed consen…
ACTIVE
Tuskegee Study: Quantifying Excess Mortality from Withheld Penicillin (1945-1972)
The U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS), in cooperation with the Tuskegee Institute, conducted a study from 1932 to 1972 on the natural history of untreated syphilis in African American men, without in…
ACTIVE
Tuskegee Study: Internal Ethical Concerns and USPHS Response (1932-1972)
The U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) conducted the Untreated Syphilis Study at Tuskegee from 1932 to 1972, observing the natural progression of syphilis in approximately 400 African American men in …
COLD
USPHS Internal Reviews and Ethical Audits of the Tuskegee Study (1932-1972)
The Untreated Syphilis Study at Tuskegee, conducted by the United States Public Health Service (USPHS) from 1932 to 1972, involved observing the natural progression of untreated syphilis in African Am…
ACTIVE
Tuskegee Syphilis Study: Physician Ethics Petitions (1945-1972)
The Tuskegee Syphilis Study, conducted by the U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) and CDC from 1932 to 1972, observed the natural progression of untreated syphilis in nearly 400 African American men. P…
ACTIVE
Tuskegee Syphilis Study: Internal Ethical Review and Oversight (1945-1972)
The U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) conducted the Untreated Syphilis Study at Tuskegee from 1932 to 1972, observing the natural history of the disease in African American men without their informed…
ACTIVE
Tuskegee Syphilis Study: USPHS/CDC Chain of Command and Approval Process
The U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) Untreated Syphilis Study at Tuskegee, conducted from 1932 to 1972, involved observing the natural history of untreated syphilis in African American men without t…
COLD
USPHS Staff Apologies for Tuskegee Syphilis Study (Post-1972)
The Tuskegee Syphilis Study, conducted by the U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) from 1932 to 1972, involved observing untreated syphilis in hundreds of African American men without their informed con…
ACTIVE
Tuskegee Syphilis Study: Internal Ethical Discussions (1932-1972)
The U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) Untreated Syphilis Study at Tuskegee, conducted from 1932 to 1972, involved observing the natural history of untreated syphilis in Black men without providing th…
ACTIVE
USPHS Organizational Structure and Oversight of Tuskegee Study
The Untreated Syphilis Study at Tuskegee, conducted by the U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) from 1932 to 1972, involved observing the natural progression of syphilis in approximately 600 African Ame…
ACTIVE
Tuskegee Study Personnel Files and Privacy Barriers
The Untreated Syphilis Study at Tuskegee, conducted by the U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) from 1932 to 1972, involved nearly 400 African Americ…
ACTIVE
Tuskegee Syphilis Study: Internal Ethical Debates and Staff Testimonies
The U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) Untreated Syphilis Study at Tuskegee, conducted from 1932 to 1972, involved observing the natural progression of syphilis in Black men without providing treatmen…
ACTIVE
Tuskegee Study: Staff Testimonies on Pre-1972 Ethical Concerns
The U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) conducted the Untreated Syphilis Study at Tuskegee from 1932 to 1972, withholding treatment from Black men with syphilis to observe disease progression [1, 8]. T…
ACTIVE
Tuskegee Syphilis Study: Internal Ethical Objections (1932-1972)
The U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) conducted the Untreated Syphilis Study at Tuskegee from 1932 to 1972, observing the natural history of the disease in African American men without providing trea…
ACTIVE
Tuskegee Study: USPHS/CDC Internal Objections Prior to 1972
The U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) conducted the Tuskegee Syphilis Study from 1932 to 1972, withholding treatment from African American men with syphilis to observe the natural progression of the …
ACTIVE
Tuskegee Study: Pre-1972 Professional Criticism
The Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis, conducted by the U.S. Public Health Service from 1932 to 1972, involved observing the natural progression of syphilis in African American men without providin…